
<table style="text-align:center"><caption><strong>Table X8. Additional results: identifying whether second-order minority or majority is included/excluded; distinguishing between powerless and discriminated exclusion.</strong></caption>
<tr><td colspan="5" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black"></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>Communal violence</td><td>Communal violence</td><td>Communal violence</td><td>Communal violence</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>Maj./min. dyad (model A24)</td><td>Maj./min. dyad (model A25)</td><td>Maj./min. dyad (model A26)</td><td>Maj./min. dyad (model A27)</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="5" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black"></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left">Territorial autonomy</td><td>-0.239</td><td>0.953</td><td>-0.139</td><td>-0.048</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.674)</td><td>(0.714)</td><td>(0.696)</td><td>(0.704)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Territorial autonomy x included (maj.)/excluded (min.)</td><td>2.432<sup>***</sup></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.608)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Territorial autonomy x included (min.)/excluded (maj.)</td><td>2.961<sup>***</sup></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.859)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Territorial autonomy x included/powerless</td><td></td><td></td><td>2.018<sup>**</sup></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.654)</td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Territorial autonomy x included/discriminated</td><td></td><td></td><td>3.529<sup>*</sup></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(1.481)</td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Territorial autonomy x included (maj.)/powerless (min.)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1.825<sup>**</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.676)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Territorial autonomy x included (min.)/powerless (maj.)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2.089<sup>*</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.930)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Territorial autonomy x included (maj.)/discriminated (min.)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3.318<sup>*</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(1.575)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Territorial autonomy x included (min.)/discriminated (maj.)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3.078<sup>*</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(1.439)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Included (maj.)/excluded (min.)</td><td>-0.640</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.526)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Included (min.)/excluded (maj.)</td><td>-1.061<sup>†</sup></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.576)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Included/powerless</td><td></td><td>0.051</td><td>-0.617</td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td>(0.471)</td><td>(0.421)</td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Included/discriminated</td><td></td><td>0.167</td><td>-1.050</td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td>(0.585)</td><td>(0.987)</td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Included (maj.)/powerless (min.)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>-0.544</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.452)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Included (min.)/powerless (maj.)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>-0.989<sup>†</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.574)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Included (maj.)/discriminated (min.)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>-0.906</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(1.096)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Included (min.)/discriminated (maj.)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>-1.140</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.758)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Excluded/excluded</td><td>0.652</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.474)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Powerless/powerless</td><td></td><td>0.609</td><td>0.664</td><td>0.631</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td>(0.541)</td><td>(0.489)</td><td>(0.497)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Powerless/discriminated</td><td></td><td>-0.223</td><td>-0.096</td><td>-0.139</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td>(0.527)</td><td>(0.491)</td><td>(0.506)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Discriminated/discriminated</td><td></td><td>1.441<sup>†</sup></td><td>1.380<sup>†</sup></td><td>1.349<sup>†</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td>(0.797)</td><td>(0.749)</td><td>(0.740)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Relative size (state, mean)</td><td>2.063</td><td>2.144</td><td>2.299</td><td>2.285</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(1.874)</td><td>(1.845)</td><td>(1.915)</td><td>(1.908)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Relative size (state, diff.)</td><td>-0.587</td><td>-0.440</td><td>-0.479</td><td>-0.442</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.920)</td><td>(0.916)</td><td>(0.969)</td><td>(0.961)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Relative size (unit, mean)</td><td>2.295<sup>*</sup></td><td>2.396<sup>*</sup></td><td>2.233<sup>*</sup></td><td>2.210<sup>*</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(1.109)</td><td>(1.028)</td><td>(1.051)</td><td>(1.003)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Relative size (unit, diff.)</td><td>-0.883<sup>*</sup></td><td>-0.963<sup>**</sup></td><td>-0.907<sup>**</sup></td><td>-0.939<sup>**</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.351)</td><td>(0.332)</td><td>(0.352)</td><td>(0.345)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Asymmetry</td><td>0.405</td><td>0.276</td><td>0.303</td><td>0.469</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.430)</td><td>(0.321)</td><td>(0.318)</td><td>(0.411)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Population (unit, logged)</td><td>0.287<sup>*</sup></td><td>0.279<sup>*</sup></td><td>0.282<sup>*</sup></td><td>0.274<sup>*</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.122)</td><td>(0.121)</td><td>(0.120)</td><td>(0.124)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Area (unit, logged)</td><td>0.451<sup>**</sup></td><td>0.455<sup>**</sup></td><td>0.434<sup>**</sup></td><td>0.438<sup>**</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.148)</td><td>(0.150)</td><td>(0.145)</td><td>(0.146)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Avg. ruggedness (unit)</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.0005</td><td>0.001</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.001)</td><td>(0.001)</td><td>(0.001)</td><td>(0.001)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Oil in unit</td><td>1.001<sup>†</sup></td><td>1.047<sup>*</sup></td><td>0.929<sup>†</sup></td><td>0.988<sup>†</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.522)</td><td>(0.522)</td><td>(0.519)</td><td>(0.521)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Distance capital (unit, logged)</td><td>-0.096</td><td>-0.090</td><td>-0.088</td><td>-0.079</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.185)</td><td>(0.188)</td><td>(0.184)</td><td>(0.184)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Distance border (unit, logged)</td><td>-0.170<sup>†</sup></td><td>-0.190<sup>*</sup></td><td>-0.173<sup>*</sup></td><td>-0.178<sup>*</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.092)</td><td>(0.090)</td><td>(0.085)</td><td>(0.085)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">GDP pc. (logged)</td><td>-0.351</td><td>-0.444<sup>†</sup></td><td>-0.361</td><td>-0.367</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.235)</td><td>(0.233)</td><td>(0.237)</td><td>(0.235)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Population (state, logged)</td><td>0.008</td><td>-0.026</td><td>0.0005</td><td>0.008</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.217)</td><td>(0.218)</td><td>(0.214)</td><td>(0.223)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Democracy</td><td>0.334</td><td>0.199</td><td>0.308</td><td>0.280</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.541)</td><td>(0.545)</td><td>(0.560)</td><td>(0.560)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Ethnic fractionalization</td><td>0.903</td><td>1.011</td><td>1.089</td><td>1.104</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(1.122)</td><td>(1.186)</td><td>(1.158)</td><td>(1.166)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Election year</td><td>0.312</td><td>0.284</td><td>0.307</td><td>0.308</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.220)</td><td>(0.219)</td><td>(0.210)</td><td>(0.210)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Communal violence peace years</td><td>-0.210<sup>**</sup></td><td>-0.221<sup>**</sup></td><td>-0.215<sup>**</sup></td><td>-0.215<sup>**</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.071)</td><td>(0.070)</td><td>(0.072)</td><td>(0.071)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Communal violence peace years 2</td><td>0.010</td><td>0.011</td><td>0.011</td><td>0.011</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.010)</td><td>(0.010)</td><td>(0.010)</td><td>(0.010)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Communal violence peace years 3</td><td>-0.0002</td><td>-0.0002</td><td>-0.0002</td><td>-0.0002</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.0003)</td><td>(0.0003)</td><td>(0.0003)</td><td>(0.0003)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Communal violence spatial lag</td><td>1.024<sup>**</sup></td><td>1.102<sup>**</sup></td><td>1.045<sup>**</sup></td><td>1.054<sup>**</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.379)</td><td>(0.373)</td><td>(0.373)</td><td>(0.373)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Constant</td><td>-23.925<sup>***</sup></td><td>-22.889<sup>***</sup></td><td>-23.628<sup>***</sup></td><td>-23.653<sup>***</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(3.023)</td><td>(2.942)</td><td>(3.028)</td><td>(3.099)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">N</td><td>203,208</td><td>203,208</td><td>203,208</td><td>203,208</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Log Likelihood</td><td>-1,542.042</td><td>-1,553.073</td><td>-1,534.608</td><td>-1,534.456</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">AIC</td><td>3,208.083</td><td>3,230.146</td><td>3,197.216</td><td>3,204.911</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="5" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" style="text-align:left">† p<0.1; * p<0.05; ** p<0.01; *** p<0.001; country-clustered SE’s in parentheses; maj. = second-order majority; min. = second-order minority.</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="5" style="text-align:left">The dependent variable is a binary variable equal to one if there is at least one instance of communal violence involving a dyad in a given unit.</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="5" style="text-align:left">Region- and year-fixed effects included but not reported.</td></tr>
</table>
